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Napoleonic Wars
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Spain〔(1803–1808)
Denmark–Norway〔Denmark-Norway remained neutral until the Battle of Copenhagen (1807). Denmark was compelled to cede Norway to Sweden by the Treaty of Kiel in 1814. Following a brief Swedish campaign against Norway, Norway entered a personal union with Sweden.〕 (1807–1814)
〔〔(1809–1813)
〔(1807–1809, 1810–1812)
〔(1807–1810)
〔(1807–1812)
Persia〔(1804–1807, 1812–1813)
〔(1809–1812)
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Co-belligerents:
Norway〔 (1814)
[War of 1812, caused by many issues related to the wars in Europe such as the Continental System. Therefore, although the United States was never officially allied with France, many European historians view it as co-belligerent with Napoleon and its conflict with Britain as a theater of the Napoleonic Wars. However, in North America this conflict is considered a war in its own right.〕 (1812-1815)]
|commander1= George III
George, Prince Regent
Henry Addington
William Pitt
Lord Grenville
Duke of Portland
Spencer Perceval
Lord Liverpool
Duke of Wellington
Viscount Nelson
John Moore
James Gambier
Robert Calder
Francis I
Archduke Charles
Prince von Schwarzenberg
Archduke John
16px Archduke Joseph
Alexander I
Mikhail Kutuzov
Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly
Count Bennigsen
Pyotr Bagration
Frederick William III
Gebhard von Blücher
Duke of Brunswick
Prince of Hohenlohe
Charles IV
Ferdinand VII
Miguel de Álava
Mary I
John, Prince Regent
William Beresford
Miguel Pereira Forjaz
Gomes Freire de Andrade (to 1807)
Luís do Rego Barreto
Gustav IV Adolf
Charles XIII
Charles John, Prince Regent〔Was a commander for the French Empire, as Marshal Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, 1804–1810.〕
William, Prince of Orange
Victor Emmanuel I
22px Ferdinand III
Pius VII
Ferdinand IV
Louis XVIII
Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel
Maximilian I Joseph
Karl Philipp von Wrede
Charles Alten
Frederick I
Frederick William, Prince of Nassau-Weilburg
Andreas Hofer
Alois von Reding
Petar I Petrović-Njegoš
|
|commander2= Napoleon I
Louis Alexandre Berthier
Joachim Murat
Louis-Nicolas Davout
Jean Lannes
André Masséna
Michel Ney
Jean-de-Dieu Soult
Armand Augustin Louis de Caulaincourt
Jean Baptiste Jules Bernadotte
Pierre-Charles Villeneuve
Jean-Baptiste Bessières
Bon Adrien Jeannot de Moncey
Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier
Jean-Andoche Junot
Claude Victor
Jacques MacDonald
Nicolas Charles Oudinot
Auguste Frédéric Louis Viesse de Marmont
Louis Gabriel Suchet
Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr
Pierre Cambronne
Emmanuel de Grouchy
Gomes Freire de Andrade (from 1807 to 1814)
Joseph I〔Joseph Bonaparte ruled as Joseph I of Naples and Sicily from 30 March 1806 to 6 June 1808, and of Spain from 8 June 1808 to 11 December 1813. He also served as a French commander before and after these two reigns.〕
Louis I
Prince Poniatowski
20px Jan Henryk Dąbrowski
Eugène de Beauharnais
22px Felice Baciocchi
Louis I
Joachim Murat
Jerome I
Maximilian I
Karl Philipp von Wrede
Frederick Augustus I
Frederick I
Charles XIII
Charles John, Prince Regent〔
Fath Ali Shah Qajar
Abbas Mirza
Frederick VI
Prince Christian August of Augustenburg
Ernst Peymann
|strength1=3,500,000 Russian
2,500,000 Austrian
2,000,000 Prussian
1,000,000 British
800,000 Spanish
500,000 Portuguese
250,000 Swedish
200,000 Italian
Total: 11,000,000
|strength2=7,000,000 French
|casualties1 = 600,000 Russian
400,000 Austrian
250,000 Prussian
300,000 British
150,000 Spanish
100,000 Portuguese
50,000 Swedish
50,000 Italian
Total: 2,000,000
|casualties2 = 1,300,000 French
100,000 allies of the French
Total: 1,400,000
- 2,000,000 civilians
-see full list
| campaignbox =
}}
The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire, led by Emperor Napoleon I, against an array of European powers formed into various coalitions. They revolutionized European armies and played out on an unprecedented scale, mainly owing to the application of modern mass conscription. The wars are traditionally seen as a continuation of the Revolutionary Wars, which broke out in 1792 during the French Revolution. Initially, French power rose quickly as the armies of Napoleon conquered much of Europe. In his military career, Napoleon fought about 60 battles and lost seven, mostly at the end of his reign.〔His losses came at Siege of Acre (1799), Battle of Aspern-Essling (1809), Battle of Leipzig (1813), Battle of La Rothière (1814), Battle of Laon (1814), Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube (1814), and Battle of Waterloo (1815). Andrew Roberts, "Why Napoleon merits the title 'the Great,'" ''BBC History Magazine'' (1 November 2014)〕 The great French dominion collapsed rapidly after the disastrous Invasion of Russia in 1812. Napoleon was defeated in 1814, and then once more in 1815 at Waterloo after a brief return to power. The Allies then reversed all French gains since the Revolutionary Wars at the Congress of Vienna.
Before a final victory against Napoleon, five of seven coalitions saw defeat at the hands of France. France defeated the first and second coalitions during the French Revolutionary Wars, the third (notably at Austerlitz), the fourth (notably at Jena, Eylau, and Friedland) and the fifth coalition (notably at Wagram) under the leadership of Napoleon. These great victories gave the French Army a sense of invulnerability, especially when it approached Moscow. But after the retreat from Russia, in spite of incomplete victories, France was defeated by the sixth coalition at Leipzig, in the Peninsular War at Vitoria and at the hands of the seventh coalition at Waterloo.
The wars resulted in the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and sowed the seeds of nationalism that would lead to the consolidations of Germany and Italy later in the century. Meanwhile, the global Spanish Empire began to unravel as French occupation of Spain weakened Spain's hold over its colonies, providing an opening for nationalist revolutions in Spanish America. As a direct result of the Napoleonic wars, the British Empire became the foremost world power for the next century, thus beginning ''Pax Britannica''.
No consensus exists about when the French Revolutionary Wars ended and the Napoleonic Wars began. An early candidate is 9 November 1799, the date of Bonaparte's coup seizing power in France. However, the most common date is 18 May 1803, when renewed war broke out between Britain and France, ending the one-year-old Peace of Amiens, the only period of general peace in Europe between 1792 and 1814. Most actual fighting ceased following Napoleon's final defeat at Waterloo on 18 June 1815, although skirmishing continued as late as 3 July 1815 at the Battle of Issy. The Second Treaty of Paris officially ended the wars on 20 November 1815.
==Background 1789–1802==
News of the French Revolution of 1789 was received with great alarm by the rulers of France's neighbors, which only increased with the arrest and eventual execution of King Louis XVI of France. The first attempt to crush the French Republic came in 1793 when Austria, the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Kingdom of Naples, Prussia, Spain and the Kingdom of Great Britain formed the First Coalition. French measures, including general conscription (''levée en masse''), military reform, and total war, contributed to the defeat of the First Coalition, despite the civil war occurring in France. The war ended when General Napoleon Bonaparte forced the Austrians to accept his terms in the Treaty of Campo Formio. Only Great Britain remained opposed to the French Republic.
The Second Coalition was formed in 1798 by Austria, Great Britain, the Kingdom of Naples, the Ottoman Empire, the Papal States, Portugal, Russia, Sweden and other countries. During the War of the Second Coalition, the French Republic suffered from corruption and internal division under the Directory (five ''directeurs'' holding executive power). France also lacked funds, and no longer had the services of Lazare Carnot, the war minister who had guided it to successive victories following extensive reforms during the early 1790s. Bonaparte, the main architect of victory in the last years of the First Coalition, had gone to campaign in Egypt. Missing two of its most important military figures from the previous conflict, the Republic suffered successive defeats against revitalized enemies whom British financial support brought back into the war.
Bonaparte returned from Egypt to France on 23 August 1799, and seized control of the French government on 9 November 1799 in the coup of 18 Brumaire replacing the Directory with the Consulate led by himself. He reorganized the French military and created a reserve army positioned to support campaigns either on the Rhine or in Italy.
On all fronts, French advances caught the Austrians off guard and knocked Russia out of the war. In Italy, Bonaparte won a notable victory against the Austrians at Marengo in 1800, but the decisive win came at Hohenlinden later that year. The defeated Austrians left the conflict after the Treaty of Lunéville (9 February 1801), forcing Britain to sign the Peace of Amiens with France.
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